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Main food topics
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From Farm to Fork
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Yuseffi, M. and Helga Willer (eds). 2003. “The world of organic agriculture:
statistics and future prospects.” International Federation of Organic
Agriculture Movements, 2003. Available at: www.ifoam.org. The Natural Marketing
Institute. 2002. “Organic consumer trends report,” October 2002. Available at:
www.nmisolutions.com/r_organic.html
Organic Trade Association. 2003. “Industry statistics and projected growth.”
July 2003. Available at: www.ota.com/organic/mt/business.html
Dimitri, C and Catherine Greene. 2002. “Recent growth patterns in the U.S.
organic foods market.” USDA Economic Research Service Agriculture Information
Bulletin No. AIB777. September 2002. Available at:
www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib777/
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Curl, C.L. et al. 2003. “Organophosphorus pesticide exposure of urban and
suburban preschool children with organic and conventional diets.” Environmental
Health Perspectives 111 (3): 377-382.
Baker, B.P. et al. 2002. “Pesticide residues in conventional integrated pest
management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three data sets.” Food
Additives and Contaminants 19 (5): 427-446.
Granstedt,A. and Kjellenberg, L. 1997. “Long-term field experiment in Sweden:
effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil fertility and crop
quality.” Proceedings of International Conference on Agricultural Production
and Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, MA, March 1997.
Worthington, V. 2001. “Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional
fruits, vegetables, and grains.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary
Therapies 7 (2):161-173.
Mayer, A.M. 1997. “Historical changes in the mineral content of fruits and
vegetables: a cause for concern?” British Food Journal 99: 207-211.
Baxter, G.J. et al. 2001. “Salicylic acid in soups prepared from organically
and non-organically grown vegetables. European Journal of Nutrition 40 (6):
289-292.
Asami, D.K. et al. 2003. “Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid
content of freeze-dried and air-dried marionberry, strawberry, and corn grown
using conventional, organic, and sustainable agricultural practices.” Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (5): 1237-1241.
Hamouz, K. et al. 1999. “Influence of environmental conditions and way of
cultivation on the polyphenol and ascorbic acid content in potato tubers.”
Rostlinna Vyroba 45 (7): 293-298.
Weibel, F.P. et al. 2000. “Are organically grown apples tastier and healthier?
A comparative field study using conventional and alternative methods to measure
fruit quality.” Acta Horticulturae. 517: 417-426.
Brandt, K. and J.P. Molgaard. 2001. “Organic agriculture: does it enhance or
reduce the nutritional value of plant foods?” Journal of the Science of Food
and Agriculture 81: 924-931.
Woese, K. et al. 1997. “A comparison of organically and conventionally grown
foods: results of a review of the relevant literature” Journal of the Science
of Food and Agriculture 74: 281-293.
French, P. et al. 2000. “Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic
acid, of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage, or
concentrate-based diets.” Journal of Animal Science 78: 2849-2855.
Lopez-Bote, C. J. et al. 1998. “Effect of free-range feeding on omega-3 fatty
acids and alpha-tocopherol content and oxidative stability of eggs.” Animal
Feed Science and Technology. 72: 33-40.
Scimeca, C.J.A. et al. 1994. “Conjugated linoleic acid: a powerful
anti-carcinogen from animal fat sources.” Cancer 74 (3): 1050-1054.
Aro, A. et al. 2000. “Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated
linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.” Nutrition and
Cancer 38 (2): 151-157.
Dhiman, T.R. et al. 1999. “Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows
fed different diets.” Journal of Dairy Science 82: 2146-2156.
Searles, S.K. et al. 1999. “Vitamin E, vitamin A, and carotene contents of
Alberta butter.” Journal of Dairy Science 53(2): 150-154.
Jahreis, G. et al. 1997. “Conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat: high variation
depending on production system.” Nutrition Research 17(9): 1479-1484.
Banni, C.S. et al. 1999. “Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters
mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats.” Journal of
Nutrition 129(12): 2135-2142.
Blankson, H. et al. 2002. “Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in
overweight and obese humans.” Journal of Nutrition 130: 2943-48.
Houseknecht, K.L. et al. 1998. “Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalizes
impaired glucose tolerance in the zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat.” Biochemical
and Biophysical Research Communications 244 (3); 678-682.
Ip, C. et al. 1994. “Conjugated linoleic acid. A powerful anti-carcinogen from
animal fat sources.” Cancer 74 (3): 1050-1054.
Weibel, F.P. et al. 2000. “Are organically grown apples tastier and healthier?
A comparative field study using conventional and alternative methods to measure
fruit quality.” Acta Horticulturae 517: 417-427.
Reganold, J.P. et al. 2001. “Sustainability of three apple production systems.”
Nature 410: 926-930.
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National Institutes of Health. 2002. “Report on Carcinogens, Tenth Edition.”
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National
Toxicology Program, December 2002. Available at:
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/
National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Committee on
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. 1993. “Pesticides in the Diets
of Infants and Children.” National Academies Press. Available at:
www.nap.edu/books/0309048753/html/
Wiles, R. et al. 1998. “Overexposed: organophosphate insecticides in children’s
food.” Environmental Working Group. Available at:
www.ewg.org/reports/ops/download.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. “Special Report on Environmental
Endocrine Disruption: an Effects Assessment and Analysis.” EPA/630/R-96/012.
February 1997. Available at: www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/endocrine/
Colborn, T., et al. 1996. Our Stolen Future. E.P. Dutton, March 1996.
Landrigan, P. J. 2001. “Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): an
analysis of the evidence that they impair children’s neurobehavioral
development.” Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 73: 11-17.
Office of Technology Assessment. 1990. “Neurotoxicity: identifying and
controlling poisons of the nervous system.” United States Congress, April 1990.
Available at:
www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk2/1990/9031/903108.PDF
Steenland, K., et al. 1994. “Chronic neurological sequelae to organophosphate
pesticide poisoning.” American Journal of Public Health 84: 731-736.
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Wiles, R. et al. 1994. “Tap water blues: herbicides in drinking water.”
Environmental Working Group and Physicians for Social Responsibility. Available
at: www.ewg.org/pub/home/Reports/Weed_Killer/Weed_Intro.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental
Health. 2003. "Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental
Chemicals.” January 31, 2003. Available at:
www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/
Environmental Working Group. 2003. “PCBs in farmed salmon: factory methods,
unnatural results.” July 2003. Available at:
www.ewg.org/reports/farmedPCBs/es.php
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Halweil, Brian. 2002. “Home grown: the case for local food in a global
marketplace.” Worldwatch Institute, November 2002. Available at:
www.worldwatch.org/pubs/paper/163
Van En, R. et al. “What is community supported agriculture and how does it
work?” Community Supported Agriculture of North America at University of
Massachusetts Extension. Available at:
www.umass.edu/umext/csa/about.html
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Fruit
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Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2003. “Fruit and
Tree Nuts Outlook.” Outlook Report No FTS-305, July 2003. Available at:
www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FruitAndTreeNuts/Index.htm
Pollack, S. 2000. “More Land But Fewer Farms Dedicated to Fruit Production in
1997, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fruit and Tree
Nuts Situation and Outlook, September 2000.
Pollack, S. 2003. “Characteristics of U.S. orange consumption.” Economic
Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Outlook Report No. FTS30501,
August 2003. Available at:
www.ers.usda.gov/publications/fts/aug03/fts30501/
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2002. Agriculture Fact Book 2001-2002:
Profiling Food consumption in America. Available at:
www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter2.htm#fruit
Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2001. “Harmony
between agriculture and the environment.” August, 2001. Available at:
www.ers.usda.gov/Emphases/Harmony/issues/organic/organic.html
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Baker, B.P. et al. 2002. “Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest
management (IPM)-grown, and organic foods: insights from three data sets.” Food
Additives and Contaminants 19 (5): 427-446.
Groth, E. et al. 2000. “Update: pesticides in children’s foods; an analysis of
1998 PDP data on pesticide residues.” Consumer’s Union, May 2000. Available at:
www.ecologic-ipm.com/PDP/Update_Childrens_Foods.pdf
Wiles, R. et al. 1998. “Overexposed: organophosphate insecticides in children’s
food.” Environmental Working Group. Available at:
www.ewg.org/reports/ops/download.pdf
National Food and Agriculture Policy Project. 2001. “Fruit Consumption: Dietary
health and Policy Implications.” March 2001. Available at:
http://nfapp.east.asu.edu/policy/2001/pb01-03.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. “National Report on Human
Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.” March 2001. Available at:
www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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Lin, B.H. and Morrison, R.M. 2002. “Higher fruit consumption linked with lower
body mass index.” Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Food Review, Vol 25, Issue 3, Winter 2002. Available at:
www.aboutproduce.com
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. 2001. “The Use and
Misuse of Fruit Juice in Pediatrics.” Pediatrics 2001 (107): 1210-1213.
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Weibel, F.P. et al. 2000. “Are organically grown apples tastier and healthier?
A comparative field study using conventional and alternative methods to measure
fruit quality.” Acta Horticulturae 517: 417-427.
Reganold, J.P. et al. 2001. “Sustainability of three apple production systems.”
Nature 410 (April 2001):926-930.
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Vegetables
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Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2003. “Agricultural
chemicals and production technology.” Available at:
www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/AgChemicals/Questions/pmqa4.htm
Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2002. “U.S Organic
Farming in 2000-2001.” ERS/USDA Publication AIB-780. Available at:
www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib780/aib780h.pdf
Ewe, S. and A. Pustzai. 1999. “Effects of diets containing genetically modified
potatoes expressing galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine.” The
Lancet 354 (9187): 1353-1354.
Krebs-Smith SM, et al. 1996. “Fruit and vegetable intakes of children and
adolescents in the United States.” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
150:81-86.
National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Committee on
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children 1993. “Pesticides in the Diets
of Infants and Children.” National Academies Press. Available at:
www.nap.edu/books/0309048753/html/
Baker, B.P. et al. 2002. “Pesticide residues in conventional integrated pest
management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three data sets.” Food
Additives and Contaminants 19 (5): 427-446.
Groth, E. et al. 2000. “Update: pesticides in children’s foods; an analysis of
1998 PDP data on pesticide residues.” Consumer’s Union, May 2000. Available at:
www.ecologic-ipm.com/PDP/Update_Childrens_Foods.pdf
Wiles, R. et al. 1998. “Overexposed: organophosphate insecticides in children’s
food.” Environmental Working Group. Available at:
www.ewg.org/reports/ops/download.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. “National Report on Human
Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.” March 2001. Available at:
www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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Key, T., et al. 2002. “The effect of diet on risk of cancer.” The Lancet 360
(9336):861.
Landrigan, P. 2001. “Children’s environmental health: lessons from the past and
prospects for the future.” Children’s Environmental Health 48 (5): 1319-1330.
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Fish and Shellfish
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United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2002. “The state of world
fisheries and aquaculture 2002.” Available at:
www.fao.org/docrep/005/y7300e/y7300e00.htm
National Marine Fisheries Service. 1999. “Our living oceans: Report on the
status of U.S. living marine resources.” U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA
Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-41. Available at:
http://spo.nwr.noaa.gov/olo99.htm
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Hu, F.B. et al. 2002. “Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary
heart disease in women.” Journal of the American Medical Association 2002
(287): 1815-1821.
Albert C. M., et al. 2002. “Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the
risk of sudden death.” New England Journal of Medicine April 11, 2002
(346):1113-1118.
Hu, F.B et al. 2003. “Fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake and risk of
coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women.” Circulation
April 2003 (107): 1852-1857.
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Seafood Choices Alliance. 2003. “The marketplace for sustainable seafood:
growing appetites and shrinking seas.” June 2003. Available at:
www.seafoodchoices.com/ Panetta, L. et al. 2003. “Pew oceans commission final
report.” Pew Oceans Commission. June 2003. Available at:
www.pewoceans.org/oceans/oceans_report.asp
National Marine Fisheries Service. 1998. “Managing the nation’s bycatch:
programs, activities, and recommendations for the national marine fisheries
service.” Washington, D.C: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
U.S. Department of Commerce. Marine Fish Conservation Network. 2001. “Caught in
the act: the devastating effect of fisheries mismanagement after five years of
the sustainable fisheries act".” October 11, 2001. Available at:
www.conservefish.org/press/publications.html
Dobrzynski, T. et al. 2002. “Oceans at risk: wasted catch and the destruction
of ocean life.” Oceana, February 28, 2002. Available at:
www.oceansatrisk.com
Lee, M., editor. 2000. Seafood Lover’s Almanac. Islip, NY: National Audubon
Society, Living Oceans Program.
National Academy of Sciences, Ocean Studies Board. 2002. Effects of Trawling
and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat. National Academies Press, 2002. Available at:
www.nap.edu/books/0309083400/html/
Alverson, D.L. et al. 1994. “A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and
discards.” FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 339. Rome, FAO.
Jackson, J.B.C, et al. 2001. “Historical overfishing: the recent collapse of
coastal ecosystems.” Science 243: 629-638.
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Goldburg, R. J. et al. 2001.“Marine aquaculture in the United States:
environmental impacts and policy options.” Pew Oceans Commission, 2001.
Available at: www.pewoceans.org
Burros, M. 2003. “Farmed salmon looking less rosy.” New York Times, May 28,
2003.
Environmental Working Group. 2003. “PCBs in farmed salmon: factory methods,
unnatural results.” July 2003. Available at:
www.ewg.org/reports/farmedPCBs/es.php
Stephens, F. 2002. “Seafood solutions: a chef’s guide to ecologically
responsible fish procurement.” Chefs Collaborative and Environmental Defense.
Available at www.chefscollaborative.org
Goldburg, R. J. and T. Triplett. 1997. “Coastal shrimp farming in Texas” in
Murky Waters: Environmental Effects of Aquaculture in the United States. Public
Employees for Environmental Responsibility. Available at:
www.peer.org/murky.html
Boyd, C.E and J.W. Clay. 1998. “Shrimp aquaculture and the environment.”
Scientific American. June 1998: 49-65.
Fulmer, M. 2002. “A Bumper Crop,” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2002.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. “America’s children and the
environment: measures of contaminants, body burdens, and illnesses.” February
2003. Available at: www.epa.gov
Colborn, T. et al. 1996. Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Own
Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival—A Scientific Detective Story. E P Dutton,
March 1996.
Barlow, J. 2001. “Heavy consumption of tainted fish curbs adult learning and
memory.” U Ideas of General Interest June 2001. University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign. Available at:
www.newswise.com/articles/2001/6/pcbfish.uil.htm
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Chicken and Turkey
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U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2001. “Assessment of Livestock Industry and
Meat Production.” Available at:
www.usda.gov/gipsa/pubs/01assessment/section2.pdf
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Kris Christen. 2001. “Chickens, Manure, and Arsenic.” Environmental Science and
Technology Online. Available at:
http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2001/mar/policy/kc_chicken.html
Sharpley, A.N. et al. 1999. “Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication.”
ARS-149. USDA ARS, Washington, DC. 37 p.
Daniels, M. et al. 1998. “Soil Phosphorus Levels: Concerns and
Recommendations.” SERA-17. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension,
Fayetteville, AR. Available at:
www.soil.ncsu.edu/sera17/publications/AR_Factsheet/FSA1029_v2.pdf
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Fanatico, A. 2002. “Sustainable Poultry: Production Overview”. March 2002.
Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA). Available at:
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/poultryoverview.html
American Pastured Poultry Producers’ Association. www.apppa.org
Lopez-Bote, C. J., et al. “Effect of free-range feeding on omega-3 fatty acids
and alpha-tocopherol content and oxidative stability of eggs.” Animal Feed
Science and Technology (1998) 72: 33-40.
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Wallinga, D et al. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. Sierra Club.
2002. “Poultry on Antiobiotics: Hazards to Human Health.” Dec 2002, 2nd
edition. Available at:
www.iatp.org/foodandhealth/Library/listContent.cfm
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine. 2001. “The
Human Health Impact of Fluoroquinolone Resistant Campylobacter Attributed to
the Consumption of Chicken. Washington, DC, January 5, 2001. Available at:
www.fda.gov/cvm/antimicrobial/revisedRA.pdf
Pat Leidl et al. 2000. “Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance.”Chapter 5. World
Health Organization. Available at
www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/2000/ch5.htm
Larsson, B.M. et al. 1999. “Airway responses in naive subjects to exposure in
poultry houses.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 35:142-149.
Mellon, M. and S. Fondriest. 2001. “Hogging It: Estimates of Antimicrobial
Abuse in Livestock.” Union of Concerned Scientists, January 2001.
http://222.ucsusa.org, choose “antibiotic resistance” and report in
menu.
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World Health Organization. 1999. “Questions and Answers about Dioxins and Their
Effect on Human Health,” July 9, 1999.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. “Draft Dioxin Reassessment.”
Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=55265
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Food Safety and Inspection Service. 2001. U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C. 20250-3700 . Slightly Revised January 2001 “Meat and Poultry
Labeling Terms” Available at:
www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/pubs/lablterm.htm
Consumers Union. Eco-labels website. Available at:
www.eco-labels.org
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Beef and Pork
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Pollan, M. 2002. “Power Steer.” The New York Times Magazine. March 31, 2002.
Kliebenstein, J.B. et al. 1983. “A survey of swine production health problems and health maintenance expenditures.” Preventive Veterinary Medicine 1: 357-369.
Iowa State University Extension. “Livestock Confinement Dust and Gases.” Available at the Centers for Disease Control’s National Agricultural Safety Database:
www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001501-d001600/d001501/d001501.html
Natural Resources Defense Council. “America’s Animal Factories: How States Fail to Prevent Pollution from Livestock Waste.” Available at: www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/factor/exec.asp
Tokarnia, C.H. et al. 2000. "Outbreak of copper poisoning in cattle fed poultry litter." Veterinary & Human Toxicology 42 (2): 92-95.
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Leon, W and C.S. DeWaal. 2002. Is Our Food Safe? New York: Three Rivers Press. 56-57.
White, D.G. et al. 2001. “The Isolation of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella from Retail Ground Meats.” New England Journal of Medicine 345: 1147-1154.
McDonald L. C., et al. 2001. “Quinupristin-Dalfopristin–Resistant Enterococcus faecium on Chicken and in Human Stool Specimens.” New England Journal of Medicine 345: 1155-1160.
Sørensen T. L. et al. 2001. “Transient Intestinal Carriage after Ingestion of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus faecium from Chicken and Pork.” New England Journal of Medicine 345: 1161-1166.
Leidl, P. et al. 2002. “Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance.”Chapter 5. World Health Organization report. Available at: www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/2000/ch5.htm
Mellon M. and S. Fondriest. 2001. “Hogging It: Estimates of Antimicrobial Abuse in Livestock.” Union of Concerned Scientists. Available at: http://222.ucsusa.org
Chee-Sanford, J.C. et al. 2001. “Occurrence and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in lagoons and groundwater underlying two swine production facilities.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (4): 1494-1502.
Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. “National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Regulation and Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) Final Rule.” February 12, 2003. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/regresult.cfm?program_id=0&view=all&type=1
Environmental Protection Agency. 1998, Feedlots Point Source Category Study. December 1998. Available at: www.epa.gov
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Gandhi, R. and M. Snedeker. 2000. “Consumer Concerns About Hormones in Food.” Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors, June 2000. Available at: http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/FactSheet/Diet/fs37.hormones.cfm
Warren, B. and C. Devine. 2000. “Meat, Poultry, and Fish and the Risk of Breast Cancer.”Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors, June 2000. Available at: http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/Factsheet/diet/fs39.meat.cfm
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Duckett, S. K. et al. 1993. “Effects of Time of Feed on Beef Nutrient Composition.” Journal of Animal Science 71 (8): 2079-88.
Fukumoto, G. K. et al. 1995. “Chemical composition and shear force requirement of loin eye muscle of young, forage-fed steers.” Research Extension Series 161: 1-5.
Koizumi, I., Y. et al. 1991. “Studies on the fatty acid composition of intramuscular lipids of cattle, pigs and birds.” Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo) 37 (6): 545-54.
Hart, Richard H. 1998. “Plant biodiversity on short grass steppe after 55 years of zero, light, moderate, or heavy cattle grazing.” Tektran, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service. December 19, 1998. Available at:
www.nal.usda.gov/ttic/tektran/data/000009/12/0000091284.html
Ip, C., J.A. Scimeca, et al. 1994. “Conjugated linoleic acid: A powerful anti-carcinogen from animal fat sources.” p. 1053. Cancer 74 (3 supplement):1050-1054.
Aro, A. et al. 2000. “Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.” Nutrition and Cancer 38 (2): 151-157.
Cordain, L. et al. 2002. “Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56 (3): 181-191. Available at: www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ejcn/journal/v56/n3/abs/1601307a.html
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World Health Organization. 1999. “Questions and Answers about Dioxins and Their Effect on Human Health.” July 9, 1999.
Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. “Draft Dioxin Reassessment.” Available at:
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=55265
National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Committee on the Implications of Dioxin in the Food Supply. 2003. “Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds in the Food Supply: Strategies to Decrease Exposure,” July 2003. Available at: www.nationalacademies.org
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Van Dam, R. et al. 2002. “Dietary Patterns and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in U.S. Men.” Annals of Internal Medicine 136: 201-209.
Available at: www.annals.org/issues/v136n3/full/200202050-00008.html
Norat, T. et al. 2002. “Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: Dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.” International Journal of Cancer 98 (2): 241-256.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases
“Frequently Asked Questions about Food Irradiation.” Available at:
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/foodirradiation.htm
Worth, M. 2002. “Bad Taste: The Disturbing Truth About the World Health Organization’s Endorsement of Food Irradiation.” Public Citizen and Global Resource Action Network for the Environment. October 2002. Available at:
www.citizen.org/pressroom/release.cfm?ID=1236
Delincee, H. 1998. “Genotoxic properties of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, a compound formed on irradiation of food containing fat.” Radiation Physics and Chemistry 52:39-42.
Consumer’s Union. 2003. “The Truth About Irradiated Meat.” Consumer Reports. August 2003: 34-37.
Public Citizen. “Top Ten Reasons to Oppose Irradiation.” Available at:
www.citizen.org/cmep/foodsafety/
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Milk, Cheese, and Eggs
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USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Milk Production 1993-2002. Available at: www.usda.gov/nass/aggraphs/milkprod.htm
Farm Sanctuary. “Report on Dairy Cows.” Available at: www.factoryfarming.com/dairy.htm
Chan, et al. 1998. “Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Prostate Cancer Risk.” Science 279: 563-566.
Cancer Prevention Coalition. Cancer Alert Report. Available at:
www.preventcancer.com/alerts/igf.htm
Paul Kingsnorth. 1998. “Bovine Growth Hormones.” The Ecologist 28 (5).
Juskevich, J.C. and C.G. Guyer. 1990. “Bovine Growth Hormone: Human Food Safety Evaluation.” Science 249: 875-884.
World Health Organization. International Programme on Chemical Safety. 1998. “Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food.” Report of the Fiftieth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Food Additives Series 41: 125-146.
Hansen, M. et al. 1997. “Potential Public Health Impacts of the Use of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin in Dairy Production.” Consumers International. Available at:
www.consumersunion.org/food/bgh-codex.htm
European Commission. 1999. “Public Health Aspects of the Use of Bovine Somatotropin.” Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health. March 1999. Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/index_en.htm
European Commission. 1999. “Animal Welfare Aspects of the Use of Bovine Somatotropin.” Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. March 1999.
Available at: www.consumersunion.org/aboutcu/offices/CPI.htm
Hansen, M. 1990. “Biotechnology & Milk: Benefit or Threat? An Analysis of Issues Related to bGH/bST Use in the Dairy Industry.” Consumer Policy Institute, "Consumers Union, 1990. Available at: www.consumersunion.org/aboutcu/offices/CPI.htm
American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs. 1991. “Biotechnology and the American Agriculture Industry.” Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1429-1436.
Juskevich, J.C. and C.C. Guyer. 1990. “Bovine growth hormone food safety evaluation.” Science 249:875 -884.
National Institutes of Health. 1991. “Technology Assessment Conference Statement on Bovine Somatotropin.” Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1423-1425.
Campbell, P.C. and C.R. Baumrucker. 1985. “Characterization of insulin-like growth factor-l, somatomedin-C receptors in bovine mammary gland.” Endocrinology116 (Supplement 1, Abstract L 223).
Donovan, SM. 1994. “Growth Factors in Milk as mediators of infant development.” Annual Review of Nutrition 14:147-167.
Center for Science in the Public Interest. Antibiotic-Resistance Project. Available at:
www.cspinet.org/ar/
Duckett, S. K. et al. 1993. “Effects of time on feed on beef nutrient composition. Journal of Animal Science 71 (8): 2079-88.
Mayland, H. F. et al. 2000. “Late afternoon cut hay makes more milk.” United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service.
Available at: www.nal.usda.gov/ttic/tektran/data/000010/39/0000103946.html
United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Marketing Service. National Organic Program Standards. Available at:
www.ams.usda.gov/nop
Pereira, M. et al. 2002. “Dairy Consumption, Obesity, and the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Young Adults: The CARDIA Study.”Journal of the American Medical Association 287: 2081-2089.
Herman-Giddens, M.E. et al. 1997. “Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Menses in Young Girls Seen in Office Practice: A Study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network.”Pediatrics 99: 505-512.
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Dhiman, T. R. et al. 1999. “Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets.” Journal of Dairy Science 82 (10): 2146-2156.
Ip, C., J.A. Scimeca, et al. 1994. “Conjugated linoleic acid: A powerful anti-carcinogen from animal fat sources.” p. 1053. Cancer 74 (3 supplement):1050-1054.
Aro, A. et al. 2000. “Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.” Nutrition and Cancer 38 (2): 151-157.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment. 2003. “Questions and Answers About Dioxin.” January 2003. Available at:
www.epa.gov/ncea/dioxinqa.htm
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Edward Howell, M.D. 1986. Enzyme Nutrition. Lotus Press, March 1986.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. “The Safe Food Chart: Dairy and Raw Egg Products.” Available at:
www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fttmilk.html
Gifford, Dun K. Oldways Preservation & Exchange Trust. “The Cheese Squeeze.”Available at:
www.e-guana.net/organizations.php3?orgid=61&typeID=202&action=printContentItem&itemID=1507&User_Session=c601424b6b6a2b979af70ae8d30a7d7c.
Oldways has excellent information on raw milk cheese through its Cheese of Choice Coalition formed in conjunction with the American Cheese Society. Search the Oldways site for more information.
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Soil Association. “Registered Organic Eggs Fact Sheet.” Available at:
www.soilassociation.org/web/sa/saweb.nsf/848d689047cb466780256a6b00298980/80256c840055c30580256ca600594c96!OpenDocument.
The Soil Association in the U.K. has a useful model of standards for certified or “registered” organic eggs, including regulations on stocking rates, feed composition, beak trimming and antibiotics (both of which are prohibited), and a good definition of “free-range.”
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 2001. “Meat and Poultry Labeling Terms, ”January 2001. Available at:
www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/pubs/lablterm.htm
American Egg Board. “Egg Fact Sheet.” Available at: www.aeb.org/eii/facts/industry-facts-06-2002.htm
Ibid. “Egg Production Information.” Available at: www.aeb.org/eii/production.html
Ibid. “Basic Egg Facts.” Available at: www.aeb.org/facts/facts.html#20
Farm Sanctuary. “Factory Egg Production.” Available at: www.factoryfarming.com/eggs.htm
Rollin, B.E. 1995. Farm Animal Welfare: Social, Bioethical, and Research Issues. Iowa State University Press.
Appleby M.C. and B.O. Hughes. 1995. “The Edinburgh modified cage for laying hens. British Poultry Science 36:707-718.
Baxter, M.R. 1994. “The welfare problems of laying hens in battery cages.” Veterinary Record 134: 614-619.
European Commission. 1996. “Report on the Welfare of Laying Hens.” Scientific Veterinary Committee, Animal Welfare Section, October 1996.
Hu, F.B. et al. 1998. “A Prospective Study of Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women.” Journal of the American Medical Association 281(15): 1387-1394.
Kritchevsky, S.B., et al. 2000. “Egg Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease: An Epidemiologic Overview.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition12 (5 supplement): 549S-555S.
Lopez-Bote, C. J. et al. 1998. “Effect of free-range feeding on omega-3 fatty acids and alpha-tocopherol content and oxidative stability of eggs.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 72: 33-40.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. “Disease Information on Foodborne Illness.” Available at:
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/foodborneinfections_g.htm#riskiestfoods
Salmonella Enteritidis Risk Assessment Team. 1998. “Salmonella Enteritidis Risk Assessment.” Final report prepared for the Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, August 10, 1998. Available at: www.fsis.usda.gov/ophs/risk/index.htm
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Beans, Nuts, and Eggs
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Johnston, J. 2002. “2001 global GM crop area grew to 130 mil. acres.”Agweb News, January 10, 2002. Available online at: www.agweb.com
Kilman, S. 2001. “FDA warns of misleading labels on genetic modification of foods.” The Wall Street Journal, December 20, 2001.
Pollan, M. 1998. “Playing God in the garden.” The New York Times Sunday Magazine, October 25, 1998.
Friends of the Earth. 2001. “Antibiotic resistance genes in GM Foods.”June 2001. Available at: www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/antibiotic_resistant_genes.html
Mooney, P. et al. 2003. “Europe’s (and the World’s) Big Soy Berger: Patently Wrong!” Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration, May 7, 2003. Available at:
www.tradeobservatory.org/library/uploadedfiles/Patently_Wrong_Monsanto_species_patent_on_soy_.htm
National Research Council. 2002. “Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation.” Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants of the National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. Available at: www.nationalacademies.org/publications
Rowell, A. 2003. “The Sinister Sacking of the World’s leading GM Expert.”The Daily Mail (UK). July 7, 2003.
Persley, G.J., 2003. “New genetics, food and agriculture: scientific discoveries – societal dilemmas.” International Council of Science, June 2003.
The Royal Society (UK). 2002. “Genetically modified plants for food use and human health: an update.” The Royal Society, February 2002. Available at www.royalsoc.ac.uk
Benbrook, C. 2001. “Troubled times amid commercial success: glyphosate efficacy is slipping and unstable transgene expression erodes plant defenses and yields.”Ag BioTech InfoNet Technical Paper Number 4 (May 3, 2001). Available at: www.biotech-info.net/troubledtimes.html
Netherwood, T. et al. 2002. “Transgenes in genetically modified soya survive passage through the small bowel but are completely degraded in the colon.” UK Food Standards Agency, July 2002.
World Health Organization. 2001. “Evaluation of Allergenicity of Genetically Modified Foods.” Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation of Allergenicity of Foods Derived from Biotechnology. January 22, 2001.
Bernstein, et al. 1999. “Immune responses in farm workers after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis pesticides.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (7): 575-582.
SAP Bt Plant-Pesticides. 2001. “Bt plant-pesticides risk and benefit assessments,” FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Report No. 2000-07, March 12, 2001.
Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. “Biopesticides registration action document: Bt plant-incorporated protectants: science assessment.” September 21, 2001.
Freese, B. 2003. “Genetically Engineered Crop Health Impacts Evaluation – GAPS Analysis.” Friends of the Earth, July 2003. Available at: www.foe.org
Losey, J.E., et al. 1999. “Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae.” Nature 399 (214), May 20, 1999.
Ye, X., et al. 2000. “Engineering the provitamin A (b-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into carotenoid-free rice endosperm.” Science 287: 303-305.
Halloran, J. 2003. “Consumers Union hails UN standards on genetically engineered food.” Consumers Union Press Release. July 1, 2003. Available at:
www.consumersunion.org/pub/core_food_safety/000202.html#more
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Whigham, K. “Soy history.”Report of the Iowa State University Department of Agronomy. Available at: www.agron.iastate.edu/soybean/history.html
Henkel, J. 2000. “Soy: health claims for soy protein and questions about other components.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration Consumer Magazine, May 2000. Available at: www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2000/300_soy.html
Nagata, C. et al. 1998. “Decreased serum total cholesterol concentration is associated with high intake of soy product in Japanese men and women. Journal of Nutrition 128: 209-213.
Anderson J.W. et al. 1995. “Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids.” New England Journal of Medicine 333: 276-282.
Wong, W.W. 1998. “Cholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic men.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 (suppl.): 1385S-1389S.
Jakes, R.W. et al. 2002. “Mammographic parenchymal patterns and self-reported soy intake in Singapore Chinese women.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 11(7): 608-613.
USDA Economic Research Service. 1998. “Factors affecting dry bean consumption in the United States.” Available at www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Consumption/readings.htm
Orme S. and S. Kegley, 2002. PAN Pesticide Database, Pesticide Action Network North America. Available at: www.pesticideinfo.org
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McKeown, Nicola et al. 2002. “Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 (August 2002):390-398.
Gerrior, S. and L. Bente. 2001, Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply, 1909-1997, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, USDA, Home Economics Research, Report No. 54. Available at: www.usda.gov/gipsa/pubs/01assessment/section2.pdf
Liu, S. et al. 1999. “Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses’ Health Study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (September 1999): 412 - 419.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Fact Book 2001-2002. Profiling Food Consumption in America. Available at: www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter2.htm
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Pollan, M. 2001. “The great yellow hype.” The New York Times, March 4, 2001.
Genetic Resources Action International. 2001. “Grains of delusion: Golden rice seen from the ground.” February 2001. Available at: www.grain.org/publications/delusion-en.cfm
World Health Organization. 2000. Preliminary Report On Recommended Nutrient Intakes, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements, September 30, 1998. Revised July 13, 2000.
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Pasta and Wheat Flour
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Vazquez, C. 2002. “Wheat: the next engineered crop?” Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy report. Available at: www.iatp.org
Hoban, T. et al. 2001. “Consumer attitudes on GM wheat.” American Bakers Association survey, October 2001. Available at: www.und.edu/misc/ndrural
Gurian-Dherman, D. 2003. “Holes in the biotech safety net: FDA policy does not assure the safety of genetically engineered foods.”Center for Science in the Public Interest report. January 7, 2003. Available at: http://cspinet.org/biotech/reports.html
Van Acker, R.C. et al. 2003. “An environmental safety assessment of Roundup Ready wheat: risks for direct seeding systems in western Canada.” Canadian Wheat Board report, June 2003. Available at: www.cwb.ca/
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. “Chlorpyrifos revised risk assessment and risk mitigation measures, ”June 8, 2000. Available at: www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/chlorpyrifos/consumerqs.htm
Eskenazi B., et al. 1999. “Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107(S-3): 409-419.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2000. “Forces shaping the U.S. wheat economy,”August, 2000. Available at: www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/aug2000/ao273d.pdf
Payne, W.S. 2003. “Industry and trade summary: pasta.” U.S. International Trade Commission report 3592, April 2003. Available at: ftp://ftp.usitc.gov/pub/reports/studies/PUB3592.PDF
Vesterby, M and K.S. Krupa. 2001. “Major uses of land in the United States, 1997.” Economic Research Service Statistical Bulletin No. 973, September 2001. Available at: www.ers.usda.gov/publications/sb973/
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Jacobs D.R. 2000. "Fiber from whole grains, but not refined grains, is inversely associated with all-cause mortality in older women: the Iowa women’s health study." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19 (3 Supplement): 326S-330S.
Meyer, K.A., et.al. 2000. “Carbohydrates, dietary fiber and incident type 2 diabetes in older women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71:921-930.
Roberts, S.B. 2000. “High-glycemic index foods, hunger and obesity: Is there a connection?” Nutrition Reviews 58 (6): 163-169
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